Whist is a four person game that was popular, similar to (and a precursor of) bridge today. The persons across the table from each other are partners. To begin, the Dealer shuffles the card, then the person to his right cuts.The dealer deals out all cards, starting with the person on his left. When he comes to the last card (dealt to himself), he turns it over so everyone can see.The suit of this card will be “trump” (hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades). He then picks it up and puts it in his hand, along with the others.
The Play:
The person on dealer’s left (“The Elder Hand”) begins by laying down a card. This is “the lead”. Each person follows in turn, moving clockwise, until each has played one card.This one round of four cards is called “a trick”.
Each player must follow the suit of the lead card, if he or she has any cards in that suit. So if a heart is led, each player must play a heart. If the player does not have a card in the suit led, however, then he or she may lead a “trump”. The highest card wins – this is called “taking a trick.” Normally the highest card is the highest in the suit that is led, but a card in the trump suit will win over the suit led. That is why it is called “trump” – it trumps anything else.
- For example: Clubs are trump. Player 1 leads the King of Hearts. Player 2 lays down the Ace of hearts. Player 3 (the partner of player 1) plays the three of hearts, and player 4 leads the five. Player 2 wins, with the Ace.
- OR: Suppose that Player 3 (the partner of player 1) doesn’t have any hearts, but he does have some trump, and so he plays the three of clubs. Player 4 leads the five of hearts as before. This time Player 3 wins. Even though the three of clubs is very low, it is the highest trump.
- OR: Suppose that Player 3 (the partner of player 1) doesn’t have any hearts, and so he plays the three of clubs. This time Player 4 doesn’t have any hearts either, and so she plays the five of clubs. This time Player 4 wins, since the five is the highest trump.
The partner of whoever wins that round picks up the “trick” (the four cards played) and places it in front of them, face down. The person who wins then leads another card to begin the next round, and so forth until all the cards have been played. This one round of play is the first “hand”.
The players go on to a second “hand,” which is played the same, except the dealer is the next person on the left. Everyone goes on playing hand after hand until the players decide to quit.
Remember:
- The highest card in the suit that is trump wins. If there are no trumps played, then the highest card in the suit that was led wins.
- You must play the suit that was led (“follow suit”) if you can. You can only play a trump if you have no cards whatsoever in the suit led.
- If you have no cards in the suit led, you do not have to play a trump. You can play something else, as a “discard”. A discard never wins, so should be something you don’t want or need.
For example: Clubs are trump. Player 1 leads the Ace of Hearts. Player 2 plays the four of hearts. Player 3 (the partner of player 1) is out of hearts, so he plays the two of hearts. Player 4 plays the five of hearts. Player 1 wins, with the Ace.
Scoring:
Scoring Each Hand — The couple with the most tricks wins the hand. Each trick over six counts as one point (a “trick point”). More hands are dealt and played until one couple gets the number of points that is set for a “Game.”
Honor points: Honor points are given when one couple has, between their two hands, either three or four of the highest cards (“honors” = Jack, Queen, King and Ace) in the trump suit. Four points are given if they have all four honors, and two points if they have three of the four. To get honor points, the couple must “call honors” – i.e., say that they have the honors.This must be done before the next hand is dealt — normally toward or at the end of the hand, when the honors have been played.
Revokes: A revoke may happen when you mistakenly think you do not have the suit lead and play a trump, but in fact you still have a card in the suit led that you should play.This is something that must be corrected, if possible, before the round is over and the trick is picked up.If not, it is a “revoke”.If the other couple notices this before the game goes on to the next hand, they must “call the revoke” – i.e., say something about it.Then the couple that committed the revoke is given a penalty of three points.The other couple can choose whether to add these three points to their score or deduct them from yours.
Scoring the Game — The number of points in a Game varies. It could be ten points, seven or five. In traditional English play, a game would be ten points. The ten points could be made up entirely of trick points, but there could also be honor points or revokes. It appears that in 18th century America, however, it was more common to play a game of five points (“short whist”) and one might also skip points for honors (but points would still be given for revokes). A game might also be played for seven points.The players should agree on this ahead of time.
This website is about eighteenth life – resources for reenacting period life, for education, or just for fun.
Fashions for men and women changed dramatically during the eighteenth century. In general, as the century progressed, fashions required less and less fabric and (for women especially) relied more and more on trims and other decorations, until the fairly abrupt switch to “Empire” and “Regency” fashions at the end of the century. While “common” clothing remained fairly similar throughout the period, for those who could afford it styles and preferred fabrics and colors changed with the seasons as well as year by year. At first, those who wished to follow the latest French and English fashions relied on written descriptions, dolls with sample clothing that were shipped to the colonies, and “personal shoppers” in London and Paris who might be agents or friends. Soon, however, magazines such as the Ladies Magazine included colored plates as well. Following is a sampling of the many useful websites and images available on the internet and a short bibliography of books that we’ve found particularly useful. Pinterest has many interesting boards also – so many that we won’t attempt to list them here.